REVIEW

Wheat Genome Sequence opens new opportunities to understand the genetic basis of frost tolerance (FT) and marker-assisted breeding in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The population is increasing day by day and agricultural land is occupied by urban cities because of the shortage of residential areas and by increasing the industries the pollution is at peak level that causes climate change and uses of chemical fertilizers the soil fertility is decreased. Due to these environmental conditions the overall yield of cereals crops is reduced. The wheat is a major food source for all over the world. But the production of wheat nowadays is more far from the requirement. After the availability of whole genome sequence of bread wheat opens many new opportunities for scientists. This whole genome helps in deep analysis and to formulate new breeding technology and to develop an advanced variety of bread wheat that fulfills the need of requirement. The environment conditions (abiotic and biotic stresses) have a severe impact on wheat growth and development that reduces the overall yield. In winter wheat the cold stress causes delay in the fruiting process and break in growth. After the availability of the whole genome of wheat the deep analysis showed the presence of some frost tolerance genes. The over expression of these genes in Arabidopsis showed the increase in frost tolerance. This deep analysis helps breeders to come up with more stress tolerance variety. It also helps in finding new molecular markers that help in marker assisted breeding and in speed breeding. The advancement of Genomic and Proteomic drive the crop biotechnology to resolve the shortage of food for a large population.